Astrology in General

Jastrow Jr., Morris, “Hepatoscopy and Astrology in Babylonia and Assyria”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 47 (1908), 646-676 [JSTOR link].

Jastrow Jr., Morris, “Months and Days in Babylonian-Assyrian Astrology”, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, 26 (1910), 151-155 [JSTOR link].

Virolleaud, Jean Charles Gabriel, “De quelques textes divinatoires: IV. Fragments astrologiques”, Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 3 (1910), 133-140 [UMDL link] – discusses K. 3899, K. 3901, K. 5941, K. 12199, K. 12381, Sm. 2, Sm. 1796, II R 49,23-26, III R 61b, 25, 28 & 82-3-23, 5219.

Virolleaud, Jean Charles Gabriel, “De quelques textes divinatoires: XIV. Rm. 310”, Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 3 (1910), 296-303 [UMDL link] – omens based on celestial and terrestrial phenomena.

Virolleaud, Jean Charles Gabriel, “De quelques textes divinatoires: XVII. Rm. 467”, Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 3 (1910), 306-307 [UMDL link] – omens based on the Sun.

Virolleaud, Jean Charles Gabriel, “De quelques textes divinatoires: XVIII. Fragments de calendriers”, Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 4 (1911), 101-108 [UMDL link] & 119 [UMDL link].

Virolleaud, Jean Charles Gabriel, “De quelques textes divinatoires: XIX. Table des matières de deux traites de divination: l’un terrestre, l’autre astrologique, accompagnée d’instructions du mage à son élève”, Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 4 (1911), 109-113 [UMDL link] – discusses K. 2847, K. 2848, K. 7685 & Rm. 2.589.

Virolleaud, Jean Charles Gabriel, “De quelques textes divinatoires: XX. Oniromancie astrologique”, Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 4 (1911), 114-116 [UMDL link] & 120-126 [UMDL link].

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Sarrukin von Agade in der astrologischen Ominaliteratur”, Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 16 (1913), ??-?? (*).

Scheil, Vincent Jean, “Déchiffrement d’un document anzanite relatif aux présages”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 14 (1917), 29-59 – compilation of astrological and meteorological omens and omens from birds.

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Babylonische Hypsomatabilder”, Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 22 (1919), 10-16 (*).

Virolleaud, Jean Charles Gabriel, “Les origines de l’astrologie”, Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 7 (1922/23), 99-104 [UMDL link].

Langdon, Stephen Herbert, “Miscellanea Assyriaca: IV. An Omen Tablet”, Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 7 (1922/23), 230-236 [UMDL link] & pl. XVII-XVIII [UMDL link] – omens from planets, stars and meteors(?) on the Stevenson Omen Tablet in the Ashmolean Museum (Oxford).

Meißner, Bruno, “Über Genethlialogie bei den Babyloniern”, Klio: Beiträge zur alten Geschichte, 19 (1925), 432-434 [Periodicals Archive Online link].

Silejko, Woldemar G., “Mondlaufprognosen aus der Zeit der ersten babylonischen Dynastie”, Comptes-Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences de l’U.R.S.S. (1927), Ser. B, 125-128 (*).

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Historisches Material in der babylonischen Omina-literatur”, Mitteilungen der altorientalischen Gesellschaft, 4 (1928/29), 221-240 (*).

MacLean, Ch. Victor, Babylonian Astrology and its Relation to the Old Testament (The United Church Publishing House, Toronto, 1929) (*).

van Wijnghene, Hilarius, “Les présages astrologiques”, Übersicht über die Keilschriftliteratur, heft 3 (1932) (*).

Thierens, Adolf Ernestus, Astrology in Mesopotamian Culture: An Essay (E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1935) (*).

Bauer, Theo, “Schwer zugängliche russische Veröffentlichungen altbabylonische Texte: 2. Eine Sammlung von Himmelsvorzeichen”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete, 43 [= NF, 9] (1936), 308-314 (*).

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Anfrage an Šamaš und Adad wegen einer Mondfinsternis [= Keilschrifttexte nach Kopien von T.G. Pinches, nr. 2]”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 11 (1936/37), 360-362 – edition of K 2884.

Ungnad, Arthur, “Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 14 (1941/44), 251-284.

Eisler, Robert, The Royal Art of Astrology (Joseph, London, 1946) – for a critical review of the sections on Mesopotamian astrology, cf. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 6 (1952), ???-??? [A.J. Sachs]

Neugebauer, Otto E. & Sachs, Abraham Joseph, “The “Dodekatemoria” in Babylonian Astrology”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 16 (1952/53), 65-66.

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “išpalurtu in astrologischen Texten”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 16 (1952/53), 262 – possibly refers to a planetary conjunction with a star cluster.

Ebeling, Erich, Die akkadische Gebetsserie “Handerhebung” (Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1953 [= Veröffentlichungen der Institut für Orientforschung der Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, nr. 20]) (*).

Ebeling, Erich, “Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 48 (1954), 1-15, 76-85, 130-141, 178-191; 49 (1955), 32-41, 137-148, 178-192; 50 (1956), 22-33 & 86-94.

Leibovici, Marcel, “Sur l’astrologie médicale néo-babylonienne”, Journal asiatique, 244 (1956), 275-280 (*).

Leibovici, Marcel, “Un texte astrologique akkadien de Boghazköi”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 50 (1956), 11-21 – Hittite solar omens.

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Ein Losbuch in Keilschrift aus der Seleukidenzeit”, Syria: Revue d’art oriental et d’archéologie, 33 (1956), 175-183.

Leibovici, Marcel, “Un texte astrologique de Uruk”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 51 (1957), 21-27.

Reiner, Erica, Shurpu: A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations (???, Graz, 1958 [= Archiv für Orientforschung, Beiheft 11]) – reprint Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1970.

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 19 (1959/60), 105-113.

Reiner, Erica, “Fortune-Telling in Mesopotamia”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 19 (1960), 23-35 [JSTOR link] – Sultantepe omen text (STT 73) with various invocations to constellations (MUL.MAR.GÍD.DA [‘Wagon’ = Ursa Major], Erua [Coma Berenices + part of Virgo]) and meteors.

Virolleaud, Jean Charles Gabriel, “L’astrologie chaldéenne ou les origines de l’astrologie”, l’Ethnographie, 56 (1962), 129-131 (*).

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 20 (1963), 117-121.

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Ein Omenkommentaar des Nabû-zuqup-kênu”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 21 (1966), 46 – discusses K 4387 [= II R 47].

Gadd, Cyril John, “Some Babylonian Divinatory Methods and their Interrelations”, in: J. Nougayrol et al. (eds.), La divination en Mésopotamie ancienne et dans les régions voisines: XIVe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Strasbourg, 2-6 juillet 1965 (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1966 [= Travaux de Centre d’Études Supérieures spécialisé d’Histoire des Religions de Strasbourg]), pp. 21-?? (*).

Falkenstein, Adam, “Wahrsagung in der sumerischen Überlieferung”, in: J. Nougayrol et al. (eds.), La divination en Mésopotamie ancienne et dans les régions voisines: XIVe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Strasbourg, 2-6 juillet 1965 (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1966 [= Travaux de Centre d’Études Supérieures spécialisé d’Histoire des Religions de Strasbourg]), pp. 45-?? (*).

Grayson, Albert Kirk, “Divination and the Babylonian Chronicles”, in: J. Nougayrol et al. (eds.), La divination en Mésopotamie ancienne et dans les régions voisines: XIVe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Strasbourg, 2-6 juillet 1965 (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1966 [= Travaux de Centre d’Études Supérieures spécialisé d’Histoire des Religions de Strasbourg]), pp. 69-76 (*).

Gadd, Cyril John, “Omens expressed in Numbers”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 21 (1967), 52-63 (*).

Biggs, Robert D., “An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 62 (1968), 51-58 – discusses LBAT 1601 [BM 34647] and a duplicate tablet.

Pingree, David Edwin, “Astrology”, in: P.P. Wiener (ed.), Dictionary for the History of Ideas (Scribner, New York, 1968), vol. 1, pp. 118-126 (*).

Oppenheim, Adolf Leo, “Divination and Celestial Observation in the Last Assyrian Empire”, Centaurus: International Magazine of the History of Science and Medicine, 14 (1969), 97-135.

Riemschneider, Kaspar Klaus, Babylonische Geburtsomina in hethitische Übersetzung (Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1970 [= Studien zu den Bogazköy Texten, nr. 9]) (*).

Oppenheim, Adolf Leo, “A Babylonian Diviner’s Manual”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 33 (1974), 197-220 [JSTOR link].

Kammenhuber, Annelies, Orakelpraxis, Träume und Vorzeichenschau bei den Hethitern (Winter,Heidelberg, 1976 [= Texte der Hethiter, nr. 7] (*).

Jeyes, Ulla, “Death and Divination in the Old Babylonian Period”, in: B. Alster (ed.), Death in Mesopotamia: Papers read at the XXVIe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Akademisk Forlag, Copenhagen, 1980 [= Mesopotamia: Copenhagen Studies in Assyriology, nr. 8]), pp. 107-121.

Rochberg-Halton, Francesca, “Fate and Divination in Mesopotamia”, in: H. Hirsch & H. Hunger (eds.), Vorträge gehalten auf der 28. Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale in Wien, 6.-10. Juli 1981 (Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Gesellschaft, Horn, 1982 [= Archiv für Orientforschung, Beiheft 19]), pp. 363-371.

Cogan, M., “Omens and Ideology in the Babylonian Inscriptions of Esarhaddon”, in: H. Tadmor & M. Weinfield (eds.), History, Historiography and Interpretation: Studies in Biblical and Cuneiform Literatures (Magnes Press/E.J. Brill, Jerusalem/Leiden, 1983), pp. 76-87 (*).

Rochberg-Halton, Francesca, “New Evidence for the History of Astrology”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 43 (1984), 115-140 [JSTOR link].

Rochberg-Halton, Francesca, “Canonicity in Cuneiform Texts”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 36 (1984), 127-144 (*).

Biggs, Robert D., “The Babylonian Prophecies and the Astrological Traditions of Mesopotamia”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 37 (1985), 86-90 (*).

Reiner, Erica, “The Uses of Astrology”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 105 (1985), 589-595 [JSTOR link].

Starr, Ivan, “Historical Omens concerning Ashurbanipal’s War against Elam”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 32 (1985), 60-67 (*).

Biggs, Robert D., “Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and a New Source for ‘Prophecy Text B’ ”, in: F. Rochberg-Halton (ed.), Language, Literature and History: Philological and Historical Studies presented to Erica Reiner (American Oriental Society, New Haven, 1987), pp. 1-14 (*).

Hunger, Hermann, “Astronomie und Astrologie im seleukidischen Babylonien”, in: Th. Fischer (ed.), Seleukos: Ein König und sein Stern – Eine interdisziplinäre Ausstellung der Sparkasse Bochum in Zusammenarbeit mit der Ruhr-Universität (???, Bochum, 1987), pp. 31-37 (*).

Lanfranchi, G.B., “Astronomia e divinazione in Mesopotamia : l’età neo-assira”, Giornale di astronomia, 13 (1987), nr. 1/2, 19-21.

Rochberg-Halton, Francesca, “TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 77 (1987), 207-228.

Güterbock, Hans Gustav, “Bilingual Moon Omens from Boğasköy”, in: E. Leichty, M. de Jong Ellis & P. Gerardi (eds.), A Scientific Humanist: Studies in Memory of Abraham Sachs (Kramer Fund, Philadelphia, 1988 [= Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund, nr. 9]), pp. 161-173.

Rochberg-Halton, Francesca, “Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology”, in: E. Leichty, M. de Jong Ellis & P. Gerardi (eds.), A Scientific Humanist: Studies in Memory of Abraham Sachs (Kramer Fund, Philadelphia, 1988 [= Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund, nr. 9]), pp. 323-328.

George, Andrew R., “Babylonian Texts from the Folios of Sidney Smith. Part One: ???”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archeologie orientale, 82 (1988), ???-??? (*).

Walker, Christopher B.F., “A Sketch of the Development of Mesopotamian Astrology and Horoscopes”, in: A. Kitson (ed.), History and Astrology; Clio and Urania Confer (Unwin Paperbacks, London, 1989), pp. 7-14 (*).

Rochberg-Halton, Francesca, “Astrology, Astronomy, and the Birth of Scientific Inquiry”, Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies, 19 (1990), 25-?? (*).

Starr, Ivan, Queries to the Sungod: Divination and Politics in Sargonid Assyria (University of Helsinki Press, Helsinki, 1990 [= State Archives of Assyria, nr. 4]) (*).

George, Andrew R., “Babylonian Texts from the Folios of Sidney Smith. Part Two: Prognostic and Diagnostic Omens. Tablet I”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archeologie orientale, 85 (1991), 137-??? (*).

Villard, P., “Un rapport astrologique du Louvre”, in: D. Charpin & F. Joannès (eds.), Marchands, diplomates et empereurs: Études sur la civilisation mésopotamienne offertes à Paul Garelli (Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris, 1991), pp. 129-136 (*).

Jeyes, Ulla, “Divination as a Science in Ancient Mesopotamia”, Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux, 32 (1991/92), 23-41 (*).

Biggs, Robert D., “The Babylonian Prophecies”, Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies, 23 (1992), 17-20 (*).

Charpin, D., “Le contexte historique et géographique des prophêties dans les textes retrouvês à Mari”, Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies, 23 (1992), 21-31 (*).

Beaulieu, Paul-Alain, “New Light on Secret Knowledge in Late Babylonian Culture”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 82 (1992), 98-?? (*).

Peters, C.A., “The Mesopotamian Astrologers’ Universe: Celestial and Terrestrial”, Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies, 23 (1992), 33-44 (*).

Parpola, Simo, “Mesopotamian Astrology and Astronomy as Domains of the Mesopotamian Wisdom”, in: H.D. Galter (ed.), Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens: Beiträge zum 3. Grazer Morgenländischen Symposion (23.-27. September 1991) (rm-Druck & Verlagsgesellschaft, Graz, 1993 [= Grazer Morgenländische Studien, nr. 3]), pp. 47-59.

Koch-Westenholz, U., “Mesopotamian Astrology at Hattusas”, in: H.D. Galter (ed.), Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens: Beiträge zum 3. Grazer Morgenländischen Symposion (rm-Druck & Verlagsgesellschaft, Graz, 1993 [= Grazer Morgenländische Studien, nr. 3]), pp. 231-246 (*).

Berger, P.R., “Imaginäre Astrologie in spätbabylonisher Propaganda”, in: H.D. Galter (ed.), Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens: Beiträge zum 3. Grazer Morgenländischen Symposion (rm-Druck & Verlagsgesellschaft, Graz, 1993 [= Grazer Morgenländische Studien, nr. 3]), pp. 275-289 (*).

Reiner, Erica, “Two Babylonian Precursors of Astrology”, Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (N.A.B.U.) (1993), nr. 26 [pp. ??-??] (*).

Baigent, Michael, From the Omens of Babylon: Astrology and Ancient Mesopotamia (Arkana [= Penguin], London, 1994).

Hunger, Hermann, “Ein Kommentar zu Mond-Omina”, in: M. Dietrich & O. Loretz (eds.), Vom Alten Orient zum Alten Testament: Festschrift für Wolfram Freiherrn von Soden zum 85. Geburtstag am 19. Juni 1993 (???, Kevelaer, 1995 [= Alter Orient und Altes Testament, nr. 240]), pp. 105-118.

Koch-Westenholz, Ulla, Mesopotamian Astrology: An Introduction to Babylonian and Assyrian Celestial Divination (Museum Tusculanum Press, Copenhagen, 1995 [= The Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies Publications, nr. 19]).

Reiner, Erica, Astral Magic in Babylonia (American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1995 [= Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 85, part 4]) [JSTOR link].

Arnaud, D., “L’édition ougaritienne de la série astrologique ‘Éclipses du dieu-Soleil’ ”, Semitica, 45 (1996), 7-18 (*).

Beaulieu, Paul-Alain & Rochberg, Francesca, “The Horoscope of Anu-Bēlšunu”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 48 (1996), 89-94.

Bottéro, Jean, “L’astrologie mésopotamienne: L’astrologie dans son plus vieil état”, in: B. Bakhouche, A. Moreau & J.-C. Turpin (eds.), Les astres: Actes du colloque international de Montpellier, 23-25 mars 1995 (Publ. de la Recherche Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier, 1996), vol. 1, pp. 159-182.

Hunger, Hermann, “Ein astrologisches Zahlenschema”, Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunde des Morgenlandes, 86 (1996), 191-196 (*).

Iwaniszewski, Stanislaw, “The New and Full Moons in the Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings and the Book of Esther”, in: W. Schlosser (ed.), Proceedings of the Second SEAC Conference, Bochum, August 29th-31st, 1994 (Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, 1996), pp. 49-56.

Rochberg, Francesca, “Personification and Metaphors in Babylonian Celestial Omina”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 116 (1996), 475-485 [JSTOR link].

Pettinato, Giovanni, La scrittura celeste: La nascita dell’astrologia in Mesopotamia (Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milan, 1998).

Reiner, Erica, “Celestial Omen Tablets and Fragments in the British Museum”, in: S.M. Maul (ed.), Festschrift für Rykle Borger zu seinem 65. Geburtstag am 24. Mai 1994: tikip santakki mala bašmu (Styx Publications, Groningen, 1998 [= Cuneiform Monographs, nr. 10]), pp. 215-302 (*).

Koch-Westenholz, Ulla, “The Astrological Commentary Summa Sin ina tamartisu Tablet 1”, in: R. Gyselen (ed.), La science des cieux: Sages, mages, astrologues (Groupe pour l’Étude de la Civilisation du Moyen-Orient, Bures-sur-Yvette, 1999 [= Res Orientales, nr. 12]), pp. 149-165 (*).

Koch, Johannes, “Die Planeten-Hypsomata in einem babylonischen Sternenkatalog”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 58 (1999), 19-31 [JSTOR link].

Reiner, Erica, “Babylonian Celestial Divination”, in: N.M. Swerdlow (ed.), Ancient Astronomy and Celestial Divination (MIT Press, Cambridge/London, 1999), pp. 20-37.

Brown, David R., Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology (Styx Publications, Groningen, 2000 [= Cuneiform Monographs, nr. 18]) – review in: Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 92 (2002), 153-155 [P.-A. Beaulieu].

Casaburi, Maria C., “Il testo LBAT 1526 e la continuità della tradizione astromantica in Mesopotamia”, in: S. Graziani (ed.), Studi sul Vicino Oriente Antico dedicati alla memoria di Luigi Cagni (???, Naples, 2000 [= Series Minor, nr. 61), vol. I, pp. 85-99 (*).

Reiner, Erica, “Early Zodiologia and Related Matters”, in: A.R. George & I.L. Finkel (eds.), Wisdom, Gods and Literature: Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G. Lambert (Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, 2000), pp. 421-427 – edition and translation of LBAT 1593.

Brown, David & Zólyomi, Gábor, “ “Daylight Converts to Night-Time”: An Astrological-Astronomical Reference in Sumerian Literary Context”, Iraq, 63 (2001), 149-154.

Lehoux, Daryn, “The Historicity Question in Mesopotamian Divination”, in: J.M. Steele & A. Imhausen (eds.), Under One Sky: Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East (Ugarit-Verlag, Münster, 2002 [= Alter Orient und Altes Testament, nr. 297]), pp. 209-222.

Williams, Clemency, “Signs from the Sky, Signs from the Earth: The Diviner’s Manual Revisited”, in: J.M. Steele & A. Imhausen (eds.), Under One Sky: Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East (Ugarit-Verlag, Münster, 2002 [= Alter Orient und Altes Testament, nr. 297]), pp. 473-485.

Rochberg, Francesca, “Lunar Data in Babylonian Horoscopes”, in: P. Barker, A.C. Bowen, J. Chabás, G. Freudenthal & Y.T. Langermann (eds.), Astronomy and Astrology from the Babylonians to Kepler: Essays Presented to Bernard R. Goldstein on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday: Part I (Blackwell/Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 2003 [= Centaurus: International Magazine of the History of Science and Medicine, 45]), pp. 32-45 [Blackwell Synergy link].

Reiner, Erica, “Constellation into Planet”, in: Ch. Burnett, J.P. Hogendijk, K. Plofker & M. Yano (eds.), Studies in the History of the Exact Sciences in Honour of David Pingree (Brill, Leiden/Boston, 2004 [= Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science: Texts and Studies, nr. LIV]), pp. 3-15.

Hunger, Hermann, “Stars, Cities, and Predictions”, in: Ch. Burnett, J.P. Hogendijk, K. Plofker & M. Yano (eds.), Studies in the History of the Exact Sciences in Honour of David Pingree (Brill, Leiden/Boston, 2004 [= Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science: Texts and Studies, nr. LIV]), pp. 16-32.

Brack-Bernsen, Lis & Steele, John M., “Babylonian Mathemagics: Two Mathematical Astronomical-Astrological Texts”, in: Ch. Burnett, J.P. Hogendijk, K. Plofker & M. Yano (eds.), Studies in the History of the Exact Sciences in Honour of David Pingree (Brill, Leiden/Boston, 2004 [= Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science: Texts and Studies, nr. LIV]), pp. 95-125.

Verderame, Lorenzo, “I colori nell’astrologia mesopotamica”, in: H. Waetzoldt (ed.), Von Sumer nach Ebla und zurück: Festschrift Giovanni Pettinato zum 27. September 1999 gewidmet von Freunden, Kollegen und Schülern (Heidelberger Orientverlag, Heidelberg, 2004 [= Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient, nr. 9]), pp. 327-332 [??? link].

Steinkeller, Piotr, “Of Stars and Men: The Conceptual and Mythological Setup of Babylonian Extispicy”, in: A. Gianto (ed.), Biblical and Oriental Essays in Memory of William L. Moran (???, ???, 2005), pp. ???-???.

Enūma Anu Enlil

The series Enūma Anu Enlil was the standard reference work on Mesopotamian astral omens and were cited by astrologer-priests up to the Seleucid Period. The collection consisted of 68 [or 70] tablets, each containing about 100 omens. In the early assyriological literature, this work is often referred to as the “Observations of Bel” or the “Illumination of Bel”.

The omens in this series were grouped as follows:

Tablets 1-22[23] – lunar omens [Sin]

Tablets 23[24]-39[40] – solar omens [Šamaš]

Tablets 40[41]-49[50] – weather omens [Adad]

Tablets 50[51]-68[70] – stellar & planetary omens [Ištar]

Of special importance for the chronology of the Old Babylonian Period (early 2nd millennium BC) is the set of Venus omens collected in tablet 63 and dating from the reign of Ammizaduqa, a grandson of the Babylonian king Hammurabi. References to the Venus omens are discussed in the separate section on Astronomical chronology.

Sayce, Archibald Henry, “Revised Translation of a Passage in the Great Astronomical Work of the Babylonians”, Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, 4 (1876), 36-37 (*).

Craig, James Alexander, Astrological-Astronomical Texts: Copied from the Original Tablets in the British Museum (J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig, 1899 [= Assyriologische Bibliothek, nr. 14]) – reprinted in 1977 by Zentralantiquariat der DDR (Leipzig) – review in: The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, 17 (1901), 107-115 [R.C. Thompson] [JSTOR link].

Virolleaud, Jean Charles Gabriel, “Présages tirés des éclipses de soleil et de l’obscurcissement du soleil ou du ciel (par les nuages)”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete, 16 (1902), 201-239 (*) – edition of tablets 33[31]-36[34].

Virolleaud, Jean Charles Gabriel, L’Astrologie Chaldéenne: Le Livre intitulé “enuma (Anu) il Bel” (Paul Geuthner, Paris, 1905-1912), 14 parts in 4 vols. – the texts published in this edition, commonly abbreviated as ACh, were issued as follows:

fascicule 1: Texte cunéiforme, Sin (1908).
fascicule 2: Texte cunéiforme, Šamaš (1907).
fascicule 3: Texte cunéiforme, Ištar (1908).
fascicule 4: Texte cunéiforme, Adad (1907).
fascicule 5: Transcription, Sin (1909).
fascicule 6: Transcription, Šamaš (1905).
fascicule 7: Transcription, Ištar (1909).
fascicule 8: Transcription, Adad (1909).
fascicule 9: Supplément, texte (1910).
fascicule 10: Supplément, transcription (1910).
fascicule 11: Second supplément, texte cunéiforme [1re partie: Sin, Šamaš] (1912).
fascicule 12: Second supplément, texte cunéiforme [2me partie: Ištar, Adad] (1912).
fascicule 13: Second supplément, transcription [1re partie: Sin, Šamaš] (1911).
fascicule 14: Second supplément, transcription [2me partie: Ištar, Adad] (1912).
Virolleaud’s unpublished translations and commentary were extensively used by Morris Jastrow Jr. in his Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens (Töpelmann, Gießen, 1912), vol. 2, pp. 415-748 – review in: The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, 25 (1909), 256 [R.C. Thompson] [JSTOR link].

Virolleaud, Jean Charles Gabriel, “Fragments astrologiques”, Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 3 (1910), 268-286 [UMDL link] – additions and corrections to ACh.

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Zur babylonischen Astronomie: VI. Ein erklärender Text zum astrologischen Omenwerke «Emūna Anu il Enlil»”, Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 6 (1912), 77-97 [UMDL link] [erratum, ibid., 235 [UMDL link]] – discusses Rm II, 38.

Virolleaud, Jean Charles Gabriel, “Études astrologiques”, Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 6 (1912), 115-128 [UMDL link] & 251-261 [UMDL link] – further additions and corrections to ACh.

Scheil, Vincent Jean, “Un fragment susien du livre Enuma Anu (ilu) Ellil [Notules XXVII]”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 14 (1917), 139-142.

Scheil, Vincent Jean, “Présages tirés de Vénus. Tablette babylonienne. Suite de K. 7629, recto, col. 2 [Notules XXVIII]”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 14 (1917), 142-145.

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Vokabular-Studien”, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, 38 (1922), 153-213 [JSTOR link] – pp. 171-174 & 178-187 discuss several tablets with astronomical and astrological content (BM 82, 3-23, 28; 83, 1-18, 462; K 945; K 2740; K 2902; K 2907; Rm II, 38), including copies and commentaries of the omen series Enūma Anu Enlil.

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Astrologische Texte aus Boghazköi: Ihre sprachliche und kulturhistorische Bedeutung”, Archiv für Keilschriftforschung, 1 (1923), 1-8 & 38-43.

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Ein astrologischer Kommentar aus Uruk”, Studia Orientalia, 1 (1925), 347-358 – edition of a Seleucid commentary on tablet 52 from Uruk (VAT 7850 + AO 6486).

Lacheman, Ernest-R., “An Omen Text from Nuzi”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 34 (1937), 1-8 – from the section “Adad” dealing with earthquakes.

Vieyra, M., “Un recueil de de présages accado-hittites tirés des éclipses solaires”, Revue d’histoire des religions (Annales du Musée Guimet), 116 (1937), 136-142 (*).

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil [I]”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 14 (1941/44), 172-195 – introduction and tablets on lunar omens (tablets 1 & 2).

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil [II]”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 14 (1941/44), 308-318 – tablets on lunar omens (tablets 3 to 14).

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil [III]”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 17 (1954/56), 71-89 – omens on lunar eclipses (tablets 15 to 22[23]).

Leibovici, Marcel, “Présages hittites traduits de l’akkadien”, Syria: Revue d’art oriental et d’archéologie, 33 (1956), 142-146.

Largement, René, “Contribution à l’étude des astres errants dans l’astrologie chaldéenne (1)”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 52 [= Neue Folge, 18] (1957), 235-264 – edition and translation of tablet 56.

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil [IV]”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 22 (1968/69), 65-75 – tablets 23[24] to 50[±x].

Parpola, Simo, “A Letter from Shamash-shumu-ukin to King Esarhaddon”, Iraq, 34 (1972), 21-34 (*).

Borger, Rykle, “Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts”, in: M.A. Beek, A.A. Kampman, C. Nijland & J. Ryckmans (eds.), Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae Francisco Mario Theodoro de Liagre Böhl dedicatae (E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1973 [= Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten: Studia Francisci Scholten Memoriae Dicata, nr. 4]), pp. 38-55 – edition of LB 1321 (a commentary to the astrological omen series Enūma Anu Enlil).

Reiner, Erica & Pingree, David Edwin, Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part 1: Enūma Anu Enlil Tablet 63. The Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa (Undena Publications, Malibu, 1975 [= Bibliotheca Mesopotamica, 2, fasc. 1]) – reviews in: Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 75 (1980), 443-445 [J. Oelsner]; Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, 7 (1984 [1985]), 136-137 [A.H. Aaboe]; Journal of the American Oriental Society, 107 (1987), 93-96 [W.G. Lambert] [JSTOR link].

Reiner, Erica & Pingree, David Edwin, Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part 2: Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 50-51 (Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 [= Bibliotheca Mesopotamica, 2, fasc. 2]) – reviews in: Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, 7 (1984 [1985]), 136-137 [A.H. Aaboe]; Journal of the American Oriental Society, 107 (1987), 93-96 [W.G. Lambert] [JSTOR link].

Walker, Christopher B.F., “Notes on the Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 36 (1984), 64-66 (*).

Mauer, G., “Ein Schülexzerpt aus Enūma Anu Enlil”, Baghdader Mitteilungen (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut), 18 (1986), 239-242 (*).

Rochberg-Halton, Francesca, “The Assumed 29th ahû Tablet of Enūma Anu Enlil”, in: F. Rochberg-Halton (ed.), Language, Literature and History: Philological and Historical Studies presented to Erica Reiner (American Oriental Society, New Haven, 1987), pp. 327-350 (*).

Rochberg-Halton, Francesca, Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enūma Anu Enlil (Ferdinand Berger & Sohne, Horn, 1988 [= Archiv für Orientforschung, Beiheft 22]) (*) – edition of the lunar eclipse omens in tablets 15-22 – review in: Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 86 (1991), 378-??? [A.R. George]

al-Rawi, Farouk N.H. & George, Andrew R., “Enūma Anu Enlil XIV and other Early Astronomical Tables”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 38/39 (1991/92), 52-73 – edition of tablet 14.

Farber, G., “Zur Orthographie von EAE 22: Neue Lesungen und Versuch einer Deutung”, in: H.D. Galter (ed.), Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens: Beiträge zum 3. Grazer Morgenländischen Symposion (23.-27. September 1991) (rm-Druck & Verlagsgesellschaft, Graz, 1993 [= Grazer Morgenländische Studien, nr. 3]), pp. 247-257 (*).

Tuman, Vladimir S., “An Attempt to Date Text 3 of Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51: “Tentative Date December 2, –1878””, Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 45 (1992), 95-103 [SpringerLink].

Horowitz, Wayne, “A Join to Enūma Anu Enlil 50”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 46 (1994), 127-130 (*).

van Soldt, Wilfred H., Solar Omens of Enūma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24)-29(30) (Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, Leiden, 1995 [= Publication de l’Institut historique-archaéologique néerlandais de Stamboul, nr. LXXII]) – review in: Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 94 (1999), 200-204 [J. Oelsner]..

Dietrich, Manfried, “Altbabylonische Omina zur Sonnenfinsternis”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, 86 (1996), 99-106 (*).

Koch, Johannes, “Zur Bedeutung von uštânih in den Lunareklipsen-Omina in Enūma Anu Enlil”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 86 (1996), 192-206 (*).

Reiner, Erica & Pingree, David Edwin, Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three (Styx Publications, Groningen, 1998 [= Cuneiform Monographs, nr. 11]) – edition of tablets 59-60, dealing with the planet Venus.

Rochberg, Francesca, “Scribes and Scholars: The tupshar Enūma Anu Enlil”, in: J. Marzahn & H. Neumann (eds.), Assyriologica et Semitica: Festschrift für Joachim Oelsner anläßlich seines 65. Geburtstages am 18. Februar 1997 (Ugarit-Verlag, Münster, 2000 [= Alter Orient und Altes Testament, nr. 252]), pp. 359-375.

Gehlken, E., “Sonnenaufgang in Sippar: Tafel 27 der Serie Enūma Anu Enlil”, in: S. Graziani (ed.), Studi sul Vicino Oriente Antico dedicati alla memoria di Luigi Cagni (???, Naples, 2000 [= Series Minor, nr. 61), vol. I, pp. 345-353 (*).

Fincke, J.C., “Der Assur-Katalog der Serie Enūma Anu Enlil EAE”, Orientalia, new series, 70 (2001), 19-39 (*).

Verderame, Lorenzo, “Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13”, in: J.M. Steele & A. Imhausen (eds.), Under One Sky: Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East (Ugarit-Verlag, Münster, 2002 [= Alter Orient und Altes Testament, nr. 297]), pp. 447-457.

Verderame, Lorenzo, Le Tavole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil (Dipartimento de Science dell’Antichità, Università di Messina, 2002 [= Nisaba: Studi Assiriologici Messinesi, nr. 2]) – edition of tablets 1-6.

Koch-Westenholz, Ulla, “A Fragment of Enūma Anu Enlil concerning Jupiter”, Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (N.A.B.U.) (2004), nr. 45 [p. 43] – tablet (SM 1309) with omens dependent on the heliacal rising of Jupiter.

Reiner, Erica & Pingree, David Edwin, Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Four (Brill/Styx, Leiden/Boston, 2005 [= Cuneiform Monographs, nr. 30]) – edition of tablets 63[65] and others, dealing with the planet Jupiter.

The Omen Series Iqqur īpuš

Sections 67-102 of the omen series Iqqur īpuš (“[On the day] when one demolishes and builds [a new edifice]”) contains many quotes from the astrological omen series Enūma Anu Enlil.

Sayce, Archibald Henry, “Miscellaneous Notes”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete, 2 (1887), 333-???.

Boissier, Alfred Perceval, Documents assyriens relatifs aux présages (Bouillon, Paris, 1894-’99), vol. 1 [no further vols. published], pp. 49-?? & 100-???.

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Ein Hauskalender aus dem alten Babylonien”, Revista degli Studi Orientali, 32 (1957), 185-196.

Labat, René, “Nouveaux textes hémérologiques d’Assur”, Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschungen, 5 (1957), 299-???.

Labat, René, “Jours prescrits pour la confession des péchés”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 56 (1962), 1-8.

Labat, René, Un calendrier babylonien des travaux, des signes et des mois (séries iqqur îpuš) (Librairie Honoré Champion, Paris, 1965 [= Bibliothèque de l’École des Hautes Études, IVe sect., nr. 321]).

Astrometeorology

Kugler, Franz Xaver, “Contribution à la météorologie babylonienne”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 8 (1911), 107-130.

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Zur babylonischen Astronomie: I. Nidu”, Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 4 (1911), 162-179 [UMDL link] – nidu in astrological omen texts represents a formation of clouds.

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Zur babylonischen Astronomie: II. ha-ha-ha-tum”, Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 6 (1912), 1-7 [UMDL link] + erratum, ibid., 234 [UMDL link] – ha-ha-ha-tum in astrological omen texts represents the redness of the sky before sunrise of after sunset.

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Zur babylonischen Astronomie: VIII. Noch einmal Nidu”, Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 6 (1912), 134-144 [UMDL link].

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Zur babylonischen Astronomie: IX. Nachträgliches zu hakukutum”, Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 6 (1912), 145-146 [UMDL link].

Ungnad, Arthur, “Ein meteorologischer Bericht aud der Kassitenzeit”, Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 15 (1912), 446-449 (*).

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Das Himmelskleid”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 7 (1931/32), 115-116.

Weidner, Ernst Friedrich, “Der Lichtkegel der Sonne”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 17 (1954/56), 9.

Hunger, Hermann, “Astrologische Wettervorhersagen”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 66 (1976), 234-260.

Lehoux, Daryn Rosario. Parapegmata, or, Astrology, Weather, and Calendars in the Ancient World, being an Examination of the Interplay between the Heavens and the Earth in the Classical and Near-Eastern Cultures of Antiquity, with particular Reference to the Regulation of Agricultural Practice, and to the Signs and Causes of Storms, Tempests, &c. (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Toronto, 2000) [??? link].

Babylonian Horoscopes

Sachs, Abraham Joseph, “Babylonian Horoscopes”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 6 (1952), 49-75 [JSTOR link].

Sachs, Abraham Joseph, “Naissance d’astrologie horoscopique en Babylonie”, Archaeologia, 15 (1967), 13-19 (*).

Rochberg-Halton, Francesca, “Babylonian Horoscopes and their Sources”, Orientalia, new series, 58 (1989), 102-123 (*).

Rochberg, Francesca, Babylonian Horoscopes (American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1998 [= Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 88, part 1]) [JSTOR link].

Rochberg, Francesca, “Babylonian Horoscopy: The Texts and their Relations”, in: N.M. Swerdlow (ed.), Ancient Astronomy and Celestial Divination (MIT Press, Cambridge/London, 1999), pp. 39-59.

Kolev, Rumen, “Babylonian Horoscope MLC 1870”, Journal for the History of Astronomy, 32 (2001), 154 [ADS link].

The Substitute King Ritual

When omens (astrological or otherwise) indicated an approaching calamity for the king, a substitute king (šah pukhi) was appointed during the period of the crisis while the king, who was usually referred to as “the farmer”, assumed the guise of a common man in order to escape the divine threat.

The substitute king was usually supplied with a substitute queen and a mock court but after the crisis had passed the substitute king and queen were put to death and the king resumed command again. However, when Erra-imitti, the king of Isin, happened to die during such a crisis after accidentally “drinking a hot broth”, the substitute king Enlil-bani remained on the throne.

A relatively late and garbled account of the substitute king ritual is perhaps referred to amongst the various omens that were observed during the last days of Alexander the Great (Diodorus Siculus, Library of History XVII 116.1-4; Plutarch of Chaironeia, Life of Alexander 73-74; Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander VII 24.1-3).

Labat, René, Le caractère religieux de la royauté assyro-babylonienne (Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient, Paris, 1939 [= Études d’assyriologie, nr. 2]), pp. 103-??? (*).

Ungnad, Arthur, “???”, Orientalia, new series, 13 (1943), 194-??? (*).

Labat, René, “Le sort des substituts royaux en Assyrie au temps des Sargonides”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 40 (1945/46), 123-142.

Frankfort, Henri, Kingship and the Gods: A Study of the Ancient Near Eastern Religion as the Integration of Society and Nature (University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London, 1948), pp. 262-274 (*) – reprinted in 1978 in the Phoenix Editions of the University of Chicago Press.

Laessoe, Jorgen, Studies on the Assyrian Ritual and Series Bit Rimki (Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1955).

Germain, Gabriel, “Le songe de Xerxès et le rite babylonien du substitut royal (Étude sur Hérodote, VII 12-18)”, Revue des études grecques, 69 (1956), 303-??? (*).

von Soden, Wolfram, “[The Substitute King]”, in: K. Schubert, G.J. Botterweck & J. Knobloch (eds.), Festschrift für Prof. Dr. Viktor Christian gewidnet von Kollegen und Schülern zum 70. Geburtstag (Vorderasiatische Studien, Vienna, 1956), pp. 100-107 (*).

Lambert, Wilfred G., “A Part of the Ritual for the Substitute King”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 18 (1957/58), 109-112.

Lambert, Wilfred G., “The Ritual for the Substitute King: A New Fragment”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 19 (1959/60), 119.

Landsberger, Benno, “Brief des Bischofs von Esagila an König Asarhaddon”, Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen in Amsterdam, Afd. Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks, 18 (1965), nr. 6 (*).

Borger, Rykle, “Das dritte ‘Haus’ der Serie bit rimki (VR 50-51, Schollmeyer HGS NR. 1)”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 21 (1967), 1-17 [JSTOR link].

Gadd, C.J., “Omens Expressed in Numbers”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 21 (1967), 52-63 [JSTOR link].

Moran, William L., “Akkadian Letters: The Substitute King”, in: J.B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd ed. with supplement (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1969), p. 626 [= ABL 629].

Bottéro, Jean, “Le substitut royal et son sort en Mésopotamie ancienne”, Akkadica: Périodique bimestriel de la Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin, 9 (1978), 2-24 – reprinted in: Jean Bottéro, Mésopotamie: L‘écriture, la raison et les dieux (Éditions Gallimard, Paris, 1987), pp. ???-???; English translation: Jean Bottéro, Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods (University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London, 1992), pp. 138-155 [Chapter 9. “The Substitute King and His Fate”].

Smelik, K.A.D., “The “Omina Mortis” in the Histories of Alexander the Great: Alexander’s Attitude towards the Babylonian Priesthood”, Talanta: Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society, 10/11 (1978/79), 92-111.

Parpola, Simo, Letters from Assyrian Scholars to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal (???, Kevelaer, 1983 [= Alter Orient und Altes Testament, nr. 5/2]), vol. II, pp. xxii-xxxii (*).

Beaulieu, Paul-Alain & Britton, John P., “Rituals for an Eclipse Possibility in the 8th Year of Cyrus”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 46 (1994), 73-86 (*).

Brown, David R. & Linssen, Marcus Johannes Hendrikus, “BM 134701 = 1965-10-14,1 and the Hellenistic Period Eclipse Ritual from Uruk”, Revue d‘assyriologie et d‘archéologie orientale, 91 (1997), 147-166.

Lloyd, Geoffrey E.R., “On the ‘Origins’ of Science”, Proceedings of the British Academy, 105 (2000), 1-16 (*) [summary].

Tourraix, Alexandre, “L’image du roi et son double: Rituel babylonien, succession achéménide et historiographie grecque”, in: M. Molin (ed.), Images et représentations du pouvoir et de l‘ordre social dans l‘Antiquité: Actes du colloque, Angers, 28-29 mai 1999 (de Boccard, Paris, 2001), pp. 101-108 (*).

Goedegebuure, P.M., “KBo 17.17+: Remarks on an Old Hittite Royal Substitution Ritual”, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions, 2 (2002), 61-73 (*).

Walton, John H., “The Imagery of the Substitute King Ritual in Isaiah’s Fourth Servant Song”, Journal of Biblical Literature, 122 (2003), 734-??? (*).

Krupp, Edwin C., “Temporary Replacement: A Babylonian King wouldn’t be looking forward to this Month’s Lunar Eclipse”, Sky & Telescope, 106, nr. 5 (2003), 85-87.

van der Spek, Robartus J., “Alexander de Grote en de Babylonische voorspellingskunst”, in: R.J. Demarée & K.R. Veenhof (eds.), Zij schreven geschiedenis: Historische documenten uit het Oude Nabije Oosten (2500 – 100 v.Chr.) (Ex Oriente Lux/Peeters, Leiden/Leuven, 2003 [= Mededelingen en Verhandelingen van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap “Ex Oriente Lux”, nr. XXXIII]), pp. 410-426.

Linssen, Marcus Johannes Hendrikus, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon: The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practices (Brill-Styx, Leiden, 2004 [= Cuneiform Monographs, nr. 25]), pp. 109-117 & 306-320.